Was Halloween invented by candy companies?
Since 1988, the brand has been owned by Nestle, maker of another perennial trick-or-treat favorite, the Nestle Crunch bar, which debuted in the late 1930s.
And of course, no Halloween would be complete without candy corn, which was invented in the 1880s by George Renninger of the Wunderle Candy Company of Philadelphia.
Related Questions
Was Halloween invented in Scotland?
Halloween in Scotland is all about the supernatural, witches, spirits and fire. The origins of Halloween can be traced back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (summer's end). As mentioned in the lines above, a common Halloween tradition was for an engaged couple to each put a nut on the fire.
How was Halloween invented?
It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III designated November 1 as a time to honor all saints; soon, All Saints Day incorporated some of the traditions of Samhain.
When was Halloween invented?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.
What is the reason Halloween was invented?
Hansen: The practices of Halloween mostly come from Celtic paganism in the British Isles, and their feast of Samhain, the new year. They believed it was the time when ghosts and spirits came out to haunt, and the Celts would appease the spirits by giving them treats.
What is the most popular Halloween candy by state?
Here Is the Most Popular Halloween Candy in Every State in America Alabama – Candy Corn. Alaska – Twix. Arizona – Snickers. Arkansas – Jolly Ranchers. California – M&Ms. Colorado – Milky Way. Connecticut – Almond Joy. Delaware – Life Savers.
What country invented Halloween?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.
Who invented Halloween?
Halloween has its roots in the ancient, pre-Christian Celtic festival of Samhain, which was celebrated on the night of October 31. The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, believed that the dead returned to earth on Samhain.
What do you mean by Halloween?
Halloween is the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day).
When was candy given out on Halloween?
For most American kids, it wouldn't be Halloween without trick-or-treating for candy; however, that wasn't always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything from homemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit, nuts, coins and toys.
What is meant by Halloween day?
Halloween is the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day).
Who invented Halloween costumes?
Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred. On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.
Who invented Halloween for kids?
Halloween is traced back to a 2000 years old Celtic festival called Samhain (pronounced as SAH-wen) which was celebrated at the end of summer harvest. So the people who invented Halloween are the ancient Celts who lived in Northern Europe most probably in the countries of Britain, France and Ireland.
What was the first Halloween candy?
The November 1st festival was called Samhain (pronounced "sow-en"). The festival would last for 3 days. Many people would parade in costumes made from the skins and heads of their animals. This festival would become the first Halloween.
Who is Halloween celebrated by?
Halloween is widely thought to be a combination of many different cultural practices, but there are two that are probably the biggest influences: the Celtic festival of Samhain and the Catholic holiday of All Saints Day (or All Hallows Day).
Who invented Halloween and why?
Halloween has its roots in the ancient, pre-Christian Celtic festival of Samhain, which was celebrated on the night of October 31. The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, believed that the dead returned to earth on Samhain.
When were Halloween costumes invented?
Its namesake founded the Ben Cooper Company in 1927. Based in Brooklyn, New York, Cooper created theatrical sets and costumes for the Cotton Club and the Ziegfeld Follies, and expanded into Halloween costumes in 1937.
What was the most popular Halloween candy in 2017?
The Most Popular Halloween Candy by State for 2017 Alabama – Candy Corn. Alaska – Twix. Arizona – Snickers. Arkansas – Jolly Ranchers. California – M&Ms. Colorado – Milky Way. Connecticut – Almond Joy. Delaware – Life Savers.
Is Halloween City owned by Party City?
Based in Elmsford, New York, the company is the largest retailer of party goods in the United States, Canada and Mexico, operating over 900 company-owned and franchise outlets under the Party City, Halloween City, Toy City, and Factory Card & Party Outlet brands.
Who is Spirit Halloween owned by?
Spencer Gifts began to operate Universal Studios stores as a subsidiary of its parent company. In 1997, Spencer Gifts opened its first store in Canada. In 1999, Spencer's acquired Spirit Halloween, a seasonal retailer that was founded by Joseph Marver in 1983.
What was the most popular Halloween candy in 2018?
Here's the full list of the most popular Halloween candy by state for 2018: Utah—Jolly Ranchers. Vermont—Milky Way. Virginia—Hot Tamales. Washington—Salt Water Taffy. West Virginia—Blow Pops. Wisconsin—Butterfinger. Wyoming—Reese's Cups. District of Columbia—M&M's.
What can you do on Halloween by yourself?
10 Things to Do on Halloween When It's No Longer Socially Acceptable for You to Trick-or-Treat Watch a scary movie. Binge-watch a season of American Horror Story. Carve pumpkins. Go bobbing for apples. Hit up a hayride. Or hit up a haunted house. Head to a Halloween party — or host one of your own! Bake a candy cake.
Is the new Halloween made by Rob Zombie?
Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a remake/reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name and the ninth installment in the Halloween franchise.
Who played Michael Myers in Halloween directed by Rob Zombie?
That efficiency is what I took to the part of Michael Myers. Left, Halloween director Rob Zombie on set; Right, Tyler Mane stars as Mike Myers in the 2007 remake. Michael has been terrifying children for decades, both on-screen and off—and appearing with the character can be especially frightening for a young actor.
How was Halloween started and where was it started?
Halloween began as the festival of Samhain. It was part of the ancient Celtic religion in Britain and other parts of Europe. At the end of summer, the Celts thought the barrier between our world and the world of ghosts and spirits got really thin. It was all about scaring away the ghosts and spirits.
When was Halloween commercialized?
Immigrants from Scotland and Ireland brought the holiday to the United States. The commercialization of Halloween started in the 1900s, when postcards and die-cut paper decorations were produced. Halloween costumes started to appear in stores in the 1930s and the custom of 'trick-or-treat' appeared in the 1950s.
When was Halloween established?
In the 7th century ce Pope Boniface IV established All Saints' Day, originally on May 13, and in the following century, perhaps in an effort to supplant the pagan holiday with a Christian observance, it was moved to November 1. The evening before All Saints' Day became a holy, or hallowed, eve and thus Halloween.
Why was Halloween created?
Halloween began as the festival of Samhain. It was part of the ancient Celtic religion in Britain and other parts of Europe. At the end of summer, the Celts thought the barrier between our world and the world of ghosts and spirits got really thin. The Celts had a big party.
Why was Halloween started?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future.
When was the first Halloween?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.
What was Halloween originally called?
The All Saints Day celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day) and the night before it, the traditional night of Samhain in the Celtic religion, began to be called All-Hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween.
Who was born on Halloween?
Actors who have Halloween birthdays include John Candy and Dermot Mulroney, while singers born on October 31 include Willow Smith, Vanilla Ice, and Christina Aguilar. Other celebrities who were born on Halloeen include Rob Schneider, Nolan North, Piper Perabo, and Lord of the Rings director Peter Jackson.
Who was Pam for Halloween?
And, of course, you can always be your favorite character on Halloween. Jenna Fischer, who played Pam Beesly on the show shared a photo of a young boy on Twitter on Monday, dressed up as Dunder Mifflin's most loyal employee, Dwight K. Schrute.
Where was Madea Halloween filmed?
Tyler Perry's 'Boo! A Madea Halloween' filmed at Fort McPherson. Tyler Perry speaks about filming the entire 'Boo!' film at Fort McPherson in Atlanta.
What day was Halloween 1981?
October 31, 1981, Saturday, What happened on Halloween 10/31/1981. TakeMeBack.to.
What day was Halloween 1990?
October 31, 1990, Wednesday, What happened on Halloween 10/31/1990. TakeMeBack.to.
Where was Halloween Resurrection filmed?
Principal photography began in Vancouver, British Columbia on May 14, 2001 with the opening scene filmed at Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam, BC.
How was Halloween started?
The history of Halloween - how it all started. Halloween began as the festival of Samhain. It was part of the ancient Celtic religion in Britain and other parts of Europe. At the end of summer, the Celts thought the barrier between our world and the world of ghosts and spirits got really thin.
How was Halloween made?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.
How was Halloween created?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.
Why Halloween was created?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future.
How old was Jamie Lee Curtis when she was in Halloween?
Jamie Lee Curtis was born on November 22, 1958 in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of legendary actors Janet Leigh and Tony Curtis. She got her big break at acting in 1978 when she won the role of Laurie Strode in Halloween (1978).
Is Candy Corn the ultimate Halloween candy?
But what's the “best” Halloween candy? It's hard to say. Listed as the best-selling candy more than any other, M&M's are the most popular Halloween candy. Reese's Cups comes second place, and both candy corn and Skittles are tied for third.
What year was Halloween on a Friday?
When is Halloween 2019? YearDay Halloween Falls onHalloween2019ThursdayOctober 31, 20192020SaturdayOctober 31, 20202021SundayOctober 31, 20212022MondayOctober 31, 20229 صفوف أخرى
Who was the killer in Halloween 3?
Halloween III was the final Halloween movie that Carpenter and Hill produced together. Akkad took the series into a more predictable lane with 1988's Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, which doubled down on the familial connection to Michael Myers and found the killer going after his niece, Jamie.
Where was Halloween filmed in Charleston?
Jamie Lee Curtis is in Charleston for the filming of “Halloween,” which is taking place in North Charleston and in other locations around town.
Who was the babysitter in Halloween 2018?
Judy Greer as Karen Nelson (née Strode), Laurie's daughter. Andi Matichak as Allyson Nelson, Karen's daughter and Laurie's granddaughter. James Jude Courtney as Michael Myers / The Shape, the masked figure who carried out a horrific massacre on Halloween in 1978, and returns to Haddonfield for another killing spree.
When was the first Halloween in America?
Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America. It was not until mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in North America.
When was Halloween on a Wednesday?
Halloween is a celebration in remembrance of the dead that occurs annually on the evening of October 31.
What was the budget for Halloween Town?
The first installment of the Halloweentown franchise was presented to director Duwayne Dunham as a $20 to $30 million project. But they were only given $4 million to film with.
What was Halloween called in the 1800s?
Halloween in the 1800s. The name “Halloween” evolved over time. It was shortened from All Hallows' Even and All Hallows Day — the evening of All Hallows' Day and another name for All Saints' Day, respectively. Eventually, it was contracted to “Halloween.”
Why was the holiday Halloween made?
It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III designated November 1 as a time to honor all saints; soon, All Saints Day incorporated some of the traditions of Samhain.
When was Halloween on a Monday?
Halloween 2021: Sunday, October 31, 2021. Halloween 2022: Monday, October 31, 2022. Halloween 2023: Tuesday, October 31, 2023.
What was the last Halloween movie made?
Films FilmRelease dateProducer(s)HalloweenOctober 25, 1978Debra HillHalloween IIOctober 30, 1981Debra Hill and John CarpenterHalloween III: Season of the WitchOctober 22, 1982Halloween 4: The Return of Michael MyersOctober 21, 1988Paul Freeman9 صفوف أخرى
How old was Marnie in Halloweentown?
At the age of 13, Brown was cast in her most notable film to date, the Disney Channel Original Movie Halloweentown, in which she played 13 year old Marnie Piper, a young witch who determined to learn magic from her grandmother Aggie, portrayed by Debbie Reynolds.
Where was Halloween 2018 filmed?
Filming. Principal production began on January 13, 2018 in Charleston, South Carolina. Originally, it was set to begin in late October 2017, but was delayed until January.
What day was Halloween 1964?
31 October 1964, Saturday, What happened on Halloween 10/31/1964. TakeMeBack.to.
Was Halloween filmed in Charleston?
The reboot of “Halloween” was filmed in Charleston. David Gordon Green (left) and Danny McBride talk on set during the filming of “Halloween.” Jamie Lee Curtis is pictured on set during the filming of “Halloween.”
Where was Halloweentown 2 filmed?
Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge was filmed in Vancouver in Canada.
When was the word Halloween first used?
When Halloween first came into written use in English, October 31 wasn't the linguistic focus—November 1 was.
Was the mask in Halloween William Shatner?
Case in point: it's been rumored for decades that the mask the murderous Mike Myers wore in the Halloween films was in fact based on William Shatner's face. And not just Shatner's face, but a Captain Kirk death mask created for Star Trek. Well, it's true.
When was Halloween made a holiday?
In the 7th century ce Pope Boniface IV established All Saints' Day, originally on May 13, and in the following century, perhaps in an effort to supplant the pagan holiday with a Christian observance, it was moved to November 1. The evening before All Saints' Day became a holy, or hallowed, eve and thus Halloween.
When was Halloween first celebrated in USA?
Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America. It was not until mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in North America.
How old was Jamie Lee Curtis Halloween?
Jamie Lee Curtis was born on November 22, 1958 in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of legendary actors Janet Leigh and Tony Curtis. She got her big break at acting in 1978 when she won the role of Laurie Strode in Halloween (1978).
What was the mask used in Halloween?
The mask Michael Myers wears is a Captain Kirk mask which was painted white. The mask, which was made from a cast of William Shatner's face, was originally used in the 1975 horror film The Devil's Rain.
How was Halloween celebrated in the past?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.
What year was Halloween on a Sunday?
When is Halloween 2019? YearDay Halloween Falls onHalloween2024ThursdayOctober 31, 20242025FridayOctober 31, 20252026SaturdayOctober 31, 20262027SundayOctober 31, 20279 صفوف أخرى
What was the first Halloween costume?
It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III designated November 1 as a time to honor all saints; soon, All Saints Day incorporated some of the traditions of Samhain.
Where in Charleston was Halloween filmed?
Jamie Lee Curtis was in Charleston for the filming of “Halloween,” which took place in North Charleston and in other locations around town. Jamie Lee Curtis is pictured on set during the filming of “Halloween.”
How old was Debbie Reynolds in Halloweentown?
The film begins with 13-year-old Marnie Piper (Kimberly J. Brown) and her mother, Gwen (Judith Hoag), arguing over why she and her younger siblings 12-year-old Dylan (Joey Zimmerman) and 7-year-old Sophie (Emily Roeske) can never go out for Halloween.
What was the best Halloween movie?
All 11 'Halloween' Movies in the Franchise, Ranked 7) Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988) 6) Rob Zombie's Halloween II (2009) 5) Halloween H20: Twenty Years Later (1998) 4) Halloween (2018) 3) Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982) 2) Halloween II (1981) 1) Halloween (1978)
What was the original purpose of Halloween?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.
What year was Halloween first celebrated?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.
When was Halloween first celebrated in America?
Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America. It was not until mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in North America.
When was the first Halloween date?
In the 7th century ce Pope Boniface IV established All Saints' Day, originally on May 13, and in the following century, perhaps in an effort to supplant the pagan holiday with a Christian observance, it was moved to November 1. The evening before All Saints' Day became a holy, or hallowed, eve and thus Halloween.
What gun was used in Halloween?
This was the weapon used in firing the infamous six shots into Michael Myers' chest in the final scene of the film.
When was the 1st Halloween movie?
Halloween was filmed in 20 days over a four-week period in May 1978.
Does Halloween candy expire?
Most candies do have expiration dates, but like most foods, these dates serve more as guidelines for when to consume them. It's generally fine to eat candy past its expiration date, though the quality and texture does decline after a certain point.
Where was Halloween first celebrated?
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.
How many days was Halloween?
(Halloween countdown banners.) It will be Halloween, October 31, for us at Halloween.com in 91 days, 11 hours, 22 minutes. And according to the date on your computer there are 92 days, 6 hours, 59 minutes, and 55 seconds left until Halloween!
Where was grave Halloween filmed?
Grave Halloween (also known as The Suicide Forest and released in some markets as Deathly Halloween) is a 2013 TV horror film. An original production by CineTel Films for Syfy, it was directed by Steven R. Monroe and written by Ryan W. Smith and Sheldon Wilson. The film is set in Japan, but it was filmed in Canada.
Can you freeze Halloween candy?
Freeze them for later: Candy can freeze surprisingly well, so you can save some of your Halloween spoils so they don't, well, spoil. And if you've never tried a frozen Twix, Snickers, or peanut butter cup, you're in for an amazing treat.
Can you donate Halloween candy?
6 Ways You Can Donate Your Leftover Halloween Candy to a Good Cause Run by Soldiers' Angels, Treats for Troops collects Halloween candy to re-distribute to soldiers overseas, wounded service men, and veterans. Any local business, including but not limited to dental offices, can register for Halloween Candy Buy Back.
What was Auggie for Halloween in wonder?
Costumes. He gets to wear a costume, a mask, which is the best because it means he doesn't get stared at. Auggie can tell you every Halloween costume he has ever worn. His mom has made him a killer Boba Fett costume this year.
What was August Pullman for Halloween?
The plot of Wonder revolves around the life of August "Auggie" Pullman, who was born with a facial condition that led to him being educated at home through the fourth grade.
When was Halloween first celebrated in England?
Originally celebrated on 13th May, it was Pope Gregory who had the date of the All Hallows' feast moved to 1st November sometime in the 8th century. It is thought that in doing so, he was attempting to replace or assimilate the Celtic Samhain festival of the dead with a related but church approved celebration.
What was the very first Halloween costume?
It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III designated November 1 as a time to honor all saints; soon, All Saints Day incorporated some of the traditions of Samhain.
How was Halloween celebrated in the 1800s?
Halloween in the 1800s. Eventually, it was contracted to “Halloween.” Just as the name Halloween evolved, the holiday evolved too. It was initially influenced by Celtic-speaking countries with traditions such as Samhain, the ancient Celtic New Year celebrated near the end of October.
When was the 1st Halloween movie made?
The original Halloween, released in 1978, was written by John Carpenter and Debra Hill, and directed by Carpenter. The film is known to have inspired a long line of slasher films.
Where was the original Halloween movie filmed?
Though Halloween is set in the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois, it was shot on location in South Pasadena and Hollywood, California.
Was Sheriff Hawkins in the original Halloween?
Frank Hawkins is a character in the Halloween franchise. In Halloween (2018), Frank Hawkins is the Deputy of Haddonfield. Hawkins was the officer who found Michael Myers after his 1978 killing spree. He prevented Sam Loomis from killing Michael and instead had him brought into custody.
When was Halloween first celebrated in Germany?
Samheim, traditionally, around Oct 31, celebrates the end of the harvest season in Celtic tradition.
Where was Halloween 2018 filmed Charleston?
Jamie Lee Curtis filming 'Halloween' in Charleston and spotted at Kudu. A 2018 reboot of the famed thriller flick “Halloween” is being filmed in Charleston, and Hol…
Does Costco have Halloween candy?
Take a peek at Costco's costumes for babies and bigger kids – they've been out since early August so supplies may be limited, depending on the store.
How much was Jamie Lee Curtis paid for Halloween 1978?
Jamie Lee Curtis' first feature film. She was paid a reported $8,000 for her efforts.
How old was Jamie Lee Curtis in Halloween?
Jamie Lee Curtis was born on November 22, 1958 in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of legendary actors Janet Leigh and Tony Curtis. She got her big break at acting in 1978 when she won the role of Laurie Strode in Halloween (1978).
How many years ago was the first Halloween?
Halloween's origins date back more than 2,000 years. On what we consider November 1, Europe's Celtic peoples celebrated their New Year's Day, called Samhain (SAH-win). On Samhain eve—what we know as Halloween—spirits were thought to walk the Earth as they traveled to the afterlife.
Why was Scout embarrassed at the Halloween pageant?
Scout is upset after the Halloween pageant because she messed up her performance! She was dressed as pork during the pageant, and her costume is nice and snug. Scout only has one job - to walk on the stage when Miss Merriweather calls her name, but when she's backstage, she falls asleep.
How old was Jamie Lee Curtis first Halloween?
Jamie Lee Curtis was born on November 22, 1958 in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of legendary actors Janet Leigh and Tony Curtis. She got her big break at acting in 1978 when she won the role of Laurie Strode in Halloween (1978).
Was Jamie Lee Curtis in Rob Zombie's Halloween?
In the commentary for the film, Rob Zombie incorrectly states that Jamie Lee Curtis was in her 30s during the original Halloween (1978). She was actually 19 during the production. Director Rob Zombie originally wanted Danielle Harris to play Laurie Strode and Sheri Moon Zombie to play Lynda.
When was Halloween on a Thursday?
When is Halloween 2019? YearDay Halloween Falls onHalloween2019ThursdayOctober 31, 20192020SaturdayOctober 31, 20202021SundayOctober 31, 20212022MondayOctober 31, 20229 صفوف أخرى
